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Grammar

Perfekt with haben or sein? A Simple Rule That Works

A1 A2 For A1–A2 learners who talk or write about what they did

You want to say what you did at the weekend. You know the verb, you know the ending, and then you stop: is it „Ich habe gegangen“ or „Ich bin gegangen“? This question is one of the most common ones German learners ask. The good news: two short questions answer it almost every time.

Why this matters

When Germans talk about the past, they mostly use the Perfekt: „Ich habe gearbeitet.“ „Wir sind nach Hause gefahren.“ It has two parts: a form of haben or sein, and the past participle at the end of the sentence.

Most verbs use haben. Only a small group uses sein. If you know that group, you know the rest.

The rule: movement or change

Ask yourself two questions about the verb.

If the answer to both questions is no, use haben.

haben or sein? Ask two questions. 1: Does someone move from A to B? Yes, then sein: gehen, fahren, fliegen, kommen, laufen. Ich bin nach Berlin gefahren. 2: Does a state change? Yes, then sein: aufstehen, einschlafen, aufwachen, werden. Sie ist um 6 Uhr aufgestanden. Also with sein: sein, bleiben, passieren. No to both, then haben, which is most verbs: Ich habe gearbeitet. Wir haben Pizza gegessen.

Three verbs to learn by heart

These three use sein, even though nothing moves and nothing changes:

A tip: with sein and haben, Germans usually use a shorter past form. „Ich war krank“ and „Ich hatte keine Zeit“ are more common than „Ich bin krank gewesen“ and „Ich habe keine Zeit gehabt“.

Everything else: haben

Most verbs use haben: arbeiten, machen, essen, kaufen, lernen, schlafen, sehen, sagen.

The traps learners fall into

A 10-minute practice

Do this a few days in a row. After a week, „ich bin gefahren“ starts to sound right on its own.

Your first step today

Write three sentences about your morning, for example:

Then do the free lesson below. It asks the same question you will hear in real conversations: „Was hast du gestern gemacht?“

Practise for this step

Free A1 lesson: Was hast du gestern gemacht? (Perfekt) Free · no account Start →

More practice

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